The Advertising Standards
Authority(ASA) regulates the content of adverising on TV, billboard posters, magazines and neewspapers. It tries to prevent adverising which is racisit, offensive, encourages hatred, or is homophobic. Here are three adverts which have had complaints against them made to the ASA:
This advert from the cloths company, Bennetton was supposed to suggest that its clothing appeals to all people, regardless of colour, ethnic background or age. Some people were baffled why nude children were used to advertise clothing and found the idea of the black child looking like he had horns was suggesting he was evil...
This condom advert for extra large condoms was banned for suggesting it was ok to hurt women.
This advert for Hamlet cigars ("the small cigar") used midgets to promote its small cigar product - but was making fun of people just because of their reduced height.
IPSO stands for the Independent Press
Standards Organisation. This is the regulatory body which makes sure that material published in a Newspaper is not considered obscene, offensive, racist, or likely to encourage hate. Here is a newspaper that people complained about to IPSO.
Sometimes these rules can become blurred, and the media can be accused of stirring up hatred and negative feeling against people - this is often former celebrities, especially those who have already been found guilty of a crime.
IPSO used to be known as the Press Council. Its standards of what is acceptable can change over the years. Here is a newspaper from the 1970s
This would not be not allowed because of complaints of racism Here is a newspaper from the 1980s
This article from the Sunday Sport (published by Andrew Sullivan, a porn magazines publisher)would not be not allowed because of complaints of it being offensive Not all newspapers are signed up to IPSO, and some like the Times and the Guardian, regulate themselves.
OFCOM set the rules for what can be shown on TV, Mobiles, and postal services. In terms of TV, a line called the watershed has been drawn, which is at 9pm at night - after this, children are expected not to watching TV by themselves, and more adult content can be shown - this includes adult themes, nudity, swearing. However, sometimes programmes receive complaints.
Here is a link to viewer complaints from the drama series, Jekyll and Hyde, which received over 800 complaints for its level of violence.
"Top Gear is to be investigated by Ofcom following complaints presenter Jeremy Clarkson used a racist term, it has been announced.
An episode of Top Gear, broadcast on BBC Two on March 16, showed Clarkson using the word "slope", as an Asian man walked over a bridge in Burma.
The scene led to a complaint of ''casual racism'', with Clarkson accused of referring to "people of different races in pejorative terms".
The complaint will now be investigated in full by watchdog Ofcom, which will consider whether the broadcaster breached its codes.
The show's producer has already issued a statement expressing "regret" after broadcasting the ''light-hearted'' joke by Clarkson, saying it was intended as "word play".
Programmes which receive complaints to OFCOM are either taken off the air, or shown later at night.
The British
Board of Film Classification is an independent, non-government
organisation and responsible for the classification and censorship of films and
videos in the UK
It can cut or reject work. It was set
up in 1912
It was funded
by the film industry and is independent, rather than let the government take charge of deciding what should and should not be shown. Here aome examples of rulings by the BBFC. All quotes below are taken from: http://www.bbfc.co.uk/case-studies/
British Board of Film Classification (BBFC)The BBFC, is the organisation which gives films their classifications such as PG, U, 12.It was set up in 1912.The BBFC have never accepted funds off the government tonsure that it stays independent.The Video Recordings Act was passed in 1984 by Parliament.It is funded by the film industry It is required to classify videos, DVD and games.
Attack The Blockis a British horror movie directed by comedian Joe Cornish. It is set in a South London housing estate and follows a group of teen muggers, who form an unlikely alliance with a nurse they have robbed, when aliens attack their tower block.
The film was submitted to the BBFC with no category request in March 2011. If they wish, distributors are allowed to signpost to examiners which category they would prefer for a work, although in this case they did not do this. Nevertheless, it is clear from the characters, the tone of the work and the general address, that it had strong appeal to older teenage viewers.
The film contains frequent strong language from the start, with over 50 uses of 'f**k' and some uses of 'motherf****r' throughout. Under current BBFC Guidelines, where only infrequent strong language is permitted at 12A, the work was automatically therefore a 15 category within the first reel.
The violence, gore and threat in the film are strong, with some scenes of bloody injury as human characters are bitten, scratched, attacked and killed. In some sequences a lot of blood is seen, pumping from characters’ mouths for example. The strongest moments include a man seen in a lift full of bloodied bodies, himself dripping with blood; close up shots of injuries; and sight of a young adult’s face ripped up by aliens.
Examiners noted there was some contextual justification for stronger moments, as the film is a horror work based on a fantastical scenario, albeit in a contemporary and recognisable setting. This means that - although there is some focus on tension, threat, characters in danger, chase scenes and injuries - the aliens and monsters have less impact as they are clearly part of the film’s horror world and are the sort of elements audiences expect from horror movies. Some could also argue there are comic elements to the monsters, who are, when they are finally seen, large and hairy with glow in the dark teeth and sex on the brain. There is similarly no sadistic violence - it is all in the context of self-defence. Therefore there seems no problem with containing the violence and gore at 15, where the Guidelines state 'Violence may be strong but should not dwell on the infliction of pain or injury. The strongest gory images are unlikely to be acceptable.'
The Dark Knight came to the BBFC for classification in 2008, with a distributor request for a 12A age rating. The previous film in the superhero series, Batman Begins (also starring Christian Bale and directed by Christopher Nolan), was classified 12A in 2005. In the USA, the MPAA
Before the film was even submitted, it attracted significant media attention, much of it due to the sudden death of actor Heath Ledger, who played The Joker.
The main classification issues in The Dark Knight are violence and threat. BBFC Guidelines for 12A at the time stated ‘Violence must not dwell on detail. There should be no emphasis on injuries and blood’ and ‘Sustained moderate threat and menace are permitted. Occasional gory moments only. The examiners who classified the film agreed it met the Guidelines criteria, however, there were a significant numbers of complaints about the 12A rating from members of the public.
The violence in the film is quickly edited, and whilst sometimes crunchy, it is almost entirely lacking in any blood or injury details. The impacts of blows are mostly masked by actors’ bodies or camera angles, but the impression of violence is occasionally strong. For example, in one key sequence (the 'pencil trick scene'), The Joker demonstrates a 'trick' by balancing a pencil on the table; a villain’s head is then slammed onto the table and the pencil has 'disappeared'. Audiences are left with the impression that the pencil has been slammed into the face or eye of the victim, but there is no actual sight of any impact, nor any blood or injury. The action is swift and not dwelt upon, and is designed to demonstrate the completely ruthless nature of The Joker. However, a number of people complained to the BBFC about this scene claiming to have actually seen the pencil entering the man’s eye. This is not the case, but highlights a potential classification issue of the power of suggested, rather than explicit, violence, in that the tone and impression of a film is sometimes stronger than the actual details on screen. Nevertheless, the BBFC judged the clear fantasy action context and audience familiarity with the superhero genre as sufficient mitigation against the film's sometimes dark tone, hence it was rated 12A.
had already rated the film PG-13, for ‘for intense sequences of violence and some menace’.
The Creative media Sector needs to be regulated and follow a series of rules about its content to decide what can and can not be shown. This is to avoid breaking laws of obscenity, copyright, libel, and cause offence on sensitive or ethical issues. The industry has set up its own regulators to take charge of content, so they can keep up a sense of freedom of the press and publishing without the governement taken over and deciding what should be published. The main regulators of the media industry are the British Board of Film Classification
(BBFC), Office of Communications (OFCOM), IPSO (Independent Press Standards
Organisation formally PCC), Advertising Standards Authority(ASA). Each of these bodies are covered in a separate post. .
1. Dead Space is a third-person survival-horror video game, developed by EA Redwood Shores (now known as Visceral Games) for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Microsoft Windows. It is the first instillment in the Dead Space (Series) and was released on October 14, 2008 on PS3 and Xbox 360 and October 20 for Windows. The player takes on the role of an engineer named Isaac Clarke, who battles the polymorphic undead species called the "Necromorphs" on board a stricken interstellar mining ship named The USG Ishimura.
2.
chapter 2:Understanding the ethical and legal considerations when working in the creative media sector libel law
There are two versions of defamation, libel and slander. Libel is when the defamation is written down (including email, bulletin boards and websites), and slander is when the incident relates to words spoken.
In the UK, if someone thinks that what you wrote about them is either defamatory or damaging, the onus will be entirely on you to prove that your comments are true in court. In other words, if you make the claim, you've got to prove it!
David Beckham's $25m claim for libel and slander rejected:
A US federal judge in Los Angeles has dismissed David Beckham's claim for libel and slander against a celebrity magazine that alleged he slept with a prostitute. Beckham's lawyer, Richard Kendall, said the former England captain would appeal. Beckham, 35, who plays for Los Angeles Galaxy, began the legal action in September after In Touch magazine published a story that he had an affair with Irma Nici, 26, described as a former prostitute. Beckham has denied the allegation, and was seeking $25m (£15.5m) in damages.
Quoted from : http://www.david-beckham-fans.info/tag/claim/
Libel can also be when something is published in print or online which is not true or may harm that persons reputation and may bring hate or scorn towards them.
In this example, a comedia called Freddie Starr filed a libel case against the Sun newspaper for this story which he claimed was false and damaging to his reputation:
Laws-are written, approved and enforced by a particular government. If you break a law you could face police investigation, court appearance and fines.
Ethics are rules of conduct, and responsibility [not the law. If you break an ethical code you are breach of certain ethical consideration - in other words the difference betweeen "right" and "wrong" ot "acvceptable" and unacceptable". This means ethics change over time, and what was once ok to show on TV, will no longer be acceptable.
Extract from the Black and White Minstrel show 1978 - once a highlight of TV, but now considered bad taste and ethically not acceptable.
privacy law is a regulation that protects a persons right to be left alone.
people are allowed to lead their lives without public scrutiny
the right to privacy
For example, a snaek photo of Prince Harry at a private party, shows him dressed as a Nazi. Should this photograph of something carried out in private have made the fornt page of all nespapers?
Intellectual Property is something that is unique to you if physically created. i.e an idea is not your intellectual property but the words you write are. Intellectual property however, can be bought an sold
In this example of the computer game, The Thing, the designer, William Latham paid for game designers to create the game, and for a one off payment, had their names removed from the credits, and all intellectual property for the game bought by him.
Copyright is a type of intellectual law that protects your work, Copyright can also be bought and sold. The book, Peter Pan, by JM Barrie has its copyright passed on in the author's will, so all future sales of the book, film and play adaptations have royalties paid to Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital.
Obscene
Publications Act 1959 (and later amendments)
Obscenity in the UK is very vague as it is any material that is likely to "deprave or corrupt" and specific details change with ethics over the years. Recent cases, include the Human Centipede 2, which although given an official release, was declared obscene in many countries.
Some material which was declared Obscene or offensive is now quite commonplace.
This example from a Victorian advert for the drink, Bovril, would now be considered ethically offensive.
Official
Secrets Act 1989
The Official Secrets act protects information which could be sensitive to a countries safety or defence, and to publish such material can lead to major jail sentences.
The site below, links to a series of articles often leaked from Government secret files. The publishers have been frequently prosecuted for this!
https://wikileaks.org/
Health and
Safety Act Te Health and Safety Acts of 1974 and 2008 ensure that publishers follow safe working practice in terms of safety of equipment, printing presses, and working conditions.
Ethical considerations are important for media producers and publishers to take into account as they need to be aware of the law, but also what is considered, good or bad taste, acceptable or unacceptable and popular or unpopular with their audience.
Major publishers follow their own codes of practices, rules that they have drawn up themselves to ensure that their published material does not cause offence or upset.
laws-are written, approved and enforced by a particular govemment. if you break a law you could face police investigation, court appearance and fine.
ethics-rule of conduct, responsibility [not the law].if you break an ethical code you
privacy law is a regulation that protects a persons right to be left alone.
people are allowed to lead their lives without public scrutiny
the right to privacy
intellectual property is something that is unique to you if physically created. i.e an idea is not your intellectual property but the words you write are.
copyright is a type of intellectual law that protects your work
to publish in print something which is not true or may harm that persons reputation and may bring hate or scorn towards them.
A Michigan-based health system accidentally posted the medical records of thousands of patients on the Internet (The Ann Arbor News, February 10, 1999).
Advertising is a form of communication intended to persuade or advise. Most of the time, advertisements are promoting a product or service, but there can also be public service adverts telling us useful information about health etc.
Advertising comes in many forms: Newspapers
Magazines
Online advertisement
Television commercials
Outdoor advertisement (Billboards, posters, etc)
There are five different advertising departments. Each of these have their own different jobs and structures:
Account Services
Creative
Production
Media
Other Services
Marketing
Adverts are a key part of marketing campaigns.
Television & Film Advertising Advertising on TV is big business, and most popular brands will have an advertising campaign that features some sort of television advertising:
Films are also mainly advertised on TV, These adverts are for both cinema and DVD releases.
Animations are used in many television advertisements
However, advertisements can also be made for cinema release, such as trailers:
Some British publishing companies include: Bloomsbury,
Random House, and
Harper Collins
Publishing Press The press sector delivers news to the general public. This can include both broadcasted news (Radio and TV) or printed news (Newspapers and Magazines). Press reports are written by journalists for different news companies.
The film industry is one of the largest and most profitable sectors in the media industry. In the UK 27,800 people work in the film industry - 62% are employed in exhibition, 34% in production and the remaining 4% in distribution.
There are six different specific parts of the film industry, all of which have their own jobs: Development, production, facilities, distribution, exhibition, export.
The film industry is dominated by many major companies: Paramount,
Universal,
21st Century Fox,
Disney, and many more.
These multimillion pound companies tend to produce the big blockbuster films, such as Star Wars: The Force Awakens, as they have bigger budgets to produce and market the films.
There are, however, a few smaller film companies, such as Pinewood Studios, a small British film company.
Films produced by smaller studios tend to be small, cult-films. However, these films can sometimes become successful, popular films.
Spectre, made by EON productions in 2015 and shot partly at Pinewood Studios.
Radio is one of the oldest forms of mass media, being first developed in the 1920s. . Radio transmits sound-based media to the likes of car radios,TV,and mobile phones. Radio players are not as popular as radio can now be listened to on TV and online as a lot is now digital. Llstening to radio in cars is very popular. There are three sections of radio:
Publicly funded Radio - Taxpayer Funded (EG BBC Radio 1)
Commercial Radio - Advert Funded (EG Metro Radio)
Community and Voluntary Radio - Hospital Radio stations etc (EG Hospital Radio Hillingdon [1970-2012] - National Lottery Funded, 24 hour broadcasting)
There are also radio stations which are only bavailable digitally:
There are also radio stations which are only broadcast on internet - these are usually very small busibnesses funded by advertising.
Television is one of the biggest sectors of the Media Industry. There is a lot of competition that employs, and the UK industry employs over 50,000 people.
Many different types of TV pro grammes and films are broadcast. In the UK, TV is dominated by a few main broadcasters, althoughthere are also many smaller broadcasters.
The main broadcasters are: The BBC - Public company, funded by the TV license.
from the soap, Easteneders
ITV - Private Company, 60% owned by ITV PLC,
from the ITV soap, Coronation Street Also owned by STV Group PLC (Scotland) and UTV (Northern Ireland).
from the late night chat show, Night shift
Channel 4 - Private Company, funded by advertising.
from the Challenge show, the Jump
Channel 5 - Private Company - Owned by Northern & Shell ( Which is Owned by Richard Desmond)
from the documentray drama, Last Days of Mary Queen of Scots
Smaller independent cable TV companies include
QVC, the Shopping Channel
the TV series, Gotham on Netflix, the Tv streaming company
The Animation sector in the media industry is vital to many other areas of media.
If you think about it, TV, Film, Video Games, Interactive Media, Adverts, and Marketing all rely on animation. TV, adverts and film use animation as a technique for producing shows, adverts and films, and also use animation for special effects. V
Animation on TV:
ben 10 for cartoon network
Animation in adverts:
From Go compare insurance
Animation in film:
form the lego movie
Animation special effects:
form transforomers dark side of the moon
Video games are based on animations that create a world within which the player is immersed.
from call of duty black ops 3
The main animation companies are:
Dreamworks (Owned by Paramount)
Pixar (Owned by Disney)
There are also smaller animation companies that also have much success, such as Aardman Animations of the UK.
Clade, who was on holiday in New York with her mum, later posted the conversation on Igor - it has since been deleted but not before it was saved and shared many times over. How do we know it's real? Well, Franco sent photographic evidence to the teen on not one, but two occasions. The actor later admitted it was definitely him behind the cringe worthy chat-up lines, defensively saying: "I'm not going to high schools looking for dates". "I'm embarrassed and I guess I'm just a model of how social media is tricky." We couldn't have said it better ourselves.
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